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}} |official_languages = French |currency = }} The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, introduced on 4 October 1958.〔.〕 The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, replacing the prior parliamentary government with a semi-presidential system. It is France's third-longest-enduring political regime, after the pre-revolutionary Ancien Régime and the Third Republic. == Origins == The trigger for the collapse of the French Fourth Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958. France was still a colonial power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization. French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union. Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French population, saw rising pressure for separation from the Metropole. The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as white settlers, who wanted to stay part of France. The Algerian War was not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war. Further complications came when a section of the French Army rebelled and openly backed the "Algérie française" movement to defeat separation. Charles de Gaulle, who had retired from politics a decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. De Gaulle was carried to power by the inability of the parliament to choose a government, popular protest, and the last parliament of the Fourth Republic voting for their dissolution and the convening of a constitutional convention. (Algeria became independent on 5 July 1962.) The Fourth Republic suffered from a lack of political consensus, a weak executive, and governments forming and falling in quick succession since the Second World War. With no party or coalition able to sustain a parliamentary majority, Prime Ministers found themselves unable to risk their political position with unpopular reforms. De Gaulle and his supporters proposed a system of strong presidents elected for seven-year terms. The President under the proposed constitution would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle was appointed head of the government;〔(Décret du 1er juin 1958 portant nomination des membres du gouvernement )〕 on 3 June 1958, a constitutional law empowered the new government to draft a new constitution of France,〔 and another law granted Charles de Gaulle and his cabinet the power to rule by decree for up to six months, except on certain matters related to the basic rights of citizens (criminal law, etc.).〔.〕 These plans were approved by more than 80% of those who voted in the referendum of 28 September 1958.〔(Proclamation ) des résultats des votes émis par le peuple français à l'occasion de sa consultation par voie de référendum, le 28 septembre 1958〕 The new constitution was signed into law on 4 October 1958.〔''(Constitution )'', Journal Officiel de la République Française, 5 October 1958〕 Since each new constitution establishes a new republic, France moved from the Fourth to the Fifth Republic. The new constitution contained transitional clauses (articles 90–92) extending the period of rule by decree until the new institutions were operating. René Coty remained President of the Republic until the new president was proclaimed. On 21 December 1958, Charles de Gaulle was elected President of France by an electoral college.〔(Proclamation ) des résultats du scrutin du 21 décembre 1958 pour l'élection du Président de la République, Président de la Communauté; (text version )〕 The provisional constitutional commission, acting in lieu of the Constitutional Council, proclaimed the results of the election on 9 January 1959. The new president began his office on that date, appointing Michel Debré as Prime Minister. The 1958 constitution also replaced the French Union with the French Community, which allowed fourteen member territories (these did not include Algeria) to assert their independence.〔Frederick Cooper, "(Possibility and Constraint: African Independence in Historical Perspective )", ''Journal of African History'' 49(2), http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021853708003915〕 1960 became known as the "Year of Africa" because of this wave of newly independent states.〔Abayomi Azikiwe, "(50th Anniversary of the 'Year of Africa' 1960 )", ''Pan-African News Wire'', 21 April 2010.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「French Fifth Republic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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